.

Socrates (469-399 B.C.E.) believed wisdom lay in knowing that you don’t know and can never know the world as it is. Observing things around you, says Socrates, is a good start because it raises questions about the world whose answers compel insight into the nature of things. For example he questioned the existence of the gods observing that every city had their own gods and they were all different. How could this be if they existed outside of our world, independent of our individual wishes and collective imagination? Shouldn’t the Gods be the same? As legend has it an old farmer who was a neighbor of Socrates asked him (Socrates) “if there is no Zeus who makes it rain”. Socrates answers “If it were Zeus, he could drizzle in an empty sky, while the clouds were on vacation, but that never happens” Socrates had observed that clouds had water filled droplets. Socrates also noticed that when full the clouds “rumbled like an over-full belly” which burst forth their watery contents, which rained down earthbound. He further hypothesized that clouds moved not because Zeus moved them but because of rising hot air which he labeled the convection principle.  TO READ MORE VIST CLICK HERE

Mark J. Hubley, PhD  1

Mark J. Hubley, PhD  2

Mark J. Hubley, PhD  3

A . IMOLHOLTZ .PHD  

PGCC AP 1

     

        NEURO LINKS

        MUSCLE LINKS

    1.  

  • Atlas of Human Anatomy in Cross Section

    InstantAnatomy.net

    Body Organization & Body Systems

    GOOD ANIMATED SITE ANATOMY

    Naming Muscles

    When learning the names of muscles, considering what the name means will help you remember it.

    The names of the various skeletal muscles are often combinations of the following terms used to characterize muscles:

     

    1. Size. For example, the gluteus maximus is the largest

    muscle that makes up the buttocks. The gluteus minimus

    is the smallest of the gluteal muscles. Other terms used

    to indicate size are vastus (huge), longus (long), and

    brevis (short).

     

    2. Shape. For example, the deltoid is shaped like a delta, or

    triangle, while the trapezius is shaped like a trapezoid.

    Other terms used to indicate shape are latissimus (wide)

    and teres (round).

     

    3. Direction of fibers. For example, the rectus abdominis is a

    longitudinal muscle of the abdomen (rectus means straight). The orbicularis is a circular muscle around the eye. Other terms used to indicate direction are transverse (across) and oblique (diagonal).

     

    4. Location. For example, the frontalis overlies the frontal

    bone. The external obliques are located outside the internal obliques. Other terms used to indicate location are pectoralis (chest), gluteus (buttock), brachii (arm), and sub (beneath). You should also review these directional terms: anterior, posterior, lateral, medial, proximal, distal, superficial, and deep.

     

     

    To understand the abnormal you have to know the normal.

    "FAILURE IS NOT AN OPTION"

    THERE IS MORE STUFF TO BE KNOWN THAN WHAT WE ALREADY KNOW

    If you have any question you get my E-mail

    1. Human anatomy is the science concern with the structure of the human body.

    2. The terms of anatomy are descriptive and are generally of Greek or Latin derivation.

    3. The history of human anatomy parallels that of medicine and has also been greatly influenced by various religions.

    anatomy. (Image by Flickr User Patrick J. Lynch, CC)

     

    Syllabus

    Objectives 1

    Schedules

    For AP 2 [104] CLICK HERE


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  • A single blood cell travels a long way during a lifetime--more than 2 1/2 times around the earth--yet all in one body.
  • The HEART pumps 27949.3 litres of blood every day and the point to be noted is that the HEART and KIDNEY are the only parts in our body which never rest.
  • The 1.36 kg organ,BRAIN stores 100 trillion bits of information over the course of 70 years equal to 500,000 sets of Encyclopedia Britannica.
  • There are "96,000 km of blood vessels in our body."
  • 8,000,000 RBC’s are produced in BONE MARROW every second.
  • The longest bone is "FEMUR" or "THIGH BONE," and The smallest bone is "STAPES" present in middle ear and ENAMEL(teeth) is the hardest part of our body.
  • It takes 17 muscles to SMILE and 47 muscles to STARE and the largest muscle in our body is the "BUTTOCK MUSCLE."
  • NERVES can send impulses at a speed of 360 km/hr.
  • NOSE can smell 2000-4000 different smells, Ears can detect 1500 different sounds, HUMAN EYE can detect 10,000 colours and U can visualize a 200 degree wide angle and the maximum amount of times we blink a day is about 30 minutes.
  • STOMACH produces 2 litres of HYDROCHLORIC ACID every day.500,000 cells of stomach’s inner walls are replaced every minute so that acid does not damage the walls.
  • TWO BILLION BODY CELLS wear out and are replaced everyday.
  • If we layout our lungs flat (include millions of alveoli). The surface area is able to completely cover a tennis court (approximately 450m x 450m). Just one lungs!!
  • Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour - about 1.5 pounds a year. By 70 years of age, an average person will have lost 105 pounds of skin.
  • Humans shed and regrow outer skin cells about every 27 days - almost 1,000 new skins in a lifetime.
  • Each square inch of human skin consists of twenty feet of blood vessels.
  • The average human body contains enough: iron to make a 3 inch nail, sulfur to kill all fleas on an average dog, carbon to make 900 pencils, potassium to fire a toy cannon, fat to make 7 bars of soap, phosphorous to make 2,200 match heads, and water to fill a ten-gallon tank.
  • A cough releases an explosive charge of air that moves at speeds up to 60 mph.
  •  

    • A fetus acquires fingerprints at the age of three months.
    • A fingernail or toenail takes about 6 months to grow from base to tip.
    • A healthy individual releases 3.5 oz. of gas in a single flatulent emission, or about 17 oz. in a day.
    • A human being loses an average of 40 to 100 strands of hair a day.
    • A person will die from total lack of sleep sooner than from starvation. Death will occur about 10 days without sleep, while starvation takes a few weeks.
    • A sneeze can exceed the speed of 100 mph.
    • According to German researchers, the risk of heart attack is higher on Monday than any other day of the week.
    • According to the Kinsey Institute, the biggest erect penis on record measures 13 inches. The smallest tops off at 1 3/4 inches.
    • After spending hours working at a computer display, look at a blank piece of white paper. It will probably appear pink.
    • An average human drinks about 16, 000 gallons of water in a lifetime.
    • An average human scalp has 100,000 hairs.
    • An average person uses the bathroom 6 times per day.
    • An individual blood cell takes about 60 seconds to make a complete circuit of the body.
    • Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood we have only 206 in our bodies.
    • Beards are the fastest growing hairs on the human body. If the average man never trimmed his beard, it would grow to nearly 30 feet long in his lifetime.
    • Blondes have more hair than dark-haired people.
    • Blood sucking hookworms inhabit 700 million people worldwide.
    • By age sixty, most people have lost half of their taste buds.
    • By the time you turn 70, your heart will have beat some two-and-a-half billion times (figuring on an average of 70 beats per minute.)
    • During the 2,475,576,000 seconds of the average length life, we speak 123,205,750 words, have sex 4,239 times, shed 121 pints of tears.
    • Each square inch of human skin consists of twenty feet of blood vessels.
    • Every human spent about half an hour as a single cell.
    • Every person has a unique tongue print.
    • Every square inch of the human body has an average of 32 million bacteria on it.
    • Every time you lick a stamp, you're consuming 1/10 of a calorie.
    • Fingernails grow faster than toenails.
    • Fingerprints serve a function - they provide traction for the fingers to grasp things.
    • Humans have 46 chromosomes, peas have 14 and crayfish have 200.
    • Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour - about 1.5 pounds a year. By 70 years of age, an average person will have lost 105 pounds of skin.
    • Humans shed and re-grow outer skin cells about every 27 days - almost 1,000 new skins in a lifetime.
    • If it were removed from the body, the small intestine would stretch to a length of 22 feet.
    • If you are locked in a completely sealed room, you will die of carbon dioxide poisoning first before you will die of oxygen deprivation.
    • If you go blind in one eye, you'll only lose about one-fifth of your vision (but all your depth perception.)
    • In a lifetime the average US resident eats more than 50 tons of food and drinks more than 13,000 gallons of liquid.
    • In the late 19th century, millions of human mummies were used as fuel for locomotives in Egypt where wood and coal was scarce, but mummies were plentiful. TO READ MORE
    • The average human body contains enough: iron to make a 3 inch nail, sulfur to kill all fleas on an average dog, carbon to make 900 pencils, potassium to fire a toy cannon, fat to make 7 bars of soap, phosphorous to make 2,200 match heads, and water to fill a ten-gallon tank.

      Is this why they used to use human bodies to make soap during the 2nd world war

    Bacterium Vibrio cholerae

                    -Secretes a toxin which alters the G-protein, leaving it in the "on" position.

                      -Which is achieved by the cholera toxin inhibiting the conversion of GTP bound to Galpha to
                      GDP thus maintaining the activation of adenyl cyclase.

                      -Which in turn makes the intracellular cAMP persistently high.

                    - As a result the excessive secretion of Na+ and water.

                    -Which prevents the normal absorption of salt and water by the intestines.  Furthermore, the
                      loss of salt and water can lead to dehydration or even death.

    Bacterium pertussis

                   - Secretes a toxin of two components

                   -One component makes the Galpha unable to bind adenylate cyclase

                   -The second component is an adenylate cyclase

                   - Combined effect is increases cAMP

    -As a result airway cells secrete mucous, whooping cough .

       Tumors

                   -It has been shown that mutated and overactive G-proteins are a characteristic of some tumors.

        Alcholism and Diabetes

                   -Researches believe that there may be some symptoms from both (alcholism and diabetes) that
                    are due to altered signalling via G-proteins .

      McCune-Albrights syndrome

                    -An overactive G-protein is found in this rare genetic endocrine disorder that is characterized
                     by so called "cafe au lait" spots on the skin .

    CCBC LAB SUPPLEMENT

    1. DNA [michael dowdall]
    2. CAT MUSCLE DISSECTION [        cat question       cat
    3. Vision    
    4. Endocrine Glands
    5. MUSCLES TABLE    1     2     Muscle innervation
    6. MUSCLE MODELS REVIEW

    Do not use this book, it is empty mostly use Mehrieb instead

    Human Anatomy Books from Elsevier Health
    http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/anatomy/

    Atlas of Human Anatomy from Elsevier Health
    http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Netter/Netter-Basic-Science/book/9781416059516/Atlas-of-Human-Anatomy/

    Pathology Books from Elsevier Health
    http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pathology/

    Radiology Books from Elsevier Health
    http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Radiology/

    1/ Generality and definition

  •  

    INTRODUCTION LECTURE

    fast review

     

    3/ The cells

    SLIDES

    Homeostasis

    Diffusion

    diffusion2

     

    4 The tissues

    Tissue lecture presentation

    Connective tissue presentation

    Need to know

    Glands

    Glands 2

    Tissues

    Tissues pics 2

     

    5 /The integumentary System

    objective

    integumental lecture

    skin disease

    Integumentary Lecture

     

    6/ Bones and Skeletal Tissues

    skeleton

    bone lecture ppt

    bone cartilage growth

    Cartilage bone formation presentation

    bones chart

    joints

    joints2

    skull

    skull2

    skull presentation

    spine

    spine thorax

    Shoulder and superior appendage

    The inferior appendage

    Bone facts

    Bone pictures , diseases, x ray

    bone diseases

     

    7 Nervous system introduction, histology

    introduction presentation

    NS lecture presentation

    neurophysiology lecture

    neurophysiology

    neurophysiology presentation

    neurophyspresentation 2

    nerve synapse

    neurotransmitters

    brain anatomy and function

    brain anatomy presentation

    spinal cord and reflexes

    peripheral nervous system

    reflexes

    somatic nervous system

    brain presentation

    spinalcord reflexes presentation

    brain spinal reflexe

    peripheral nervous system and somatic system

    general neuro review

    ANS

    ANS presentation

    Brain Diseases

     

    8 MUSCLE GENERALITY AND HISTOLOGY

    muscle lecture

    muscle intro 2

    muscle physiology

    musclephysiology revised part1

    muscle physiology part 2

    muscles diseases [some]

    muscle 1

    muscle2

    muscle3

    muscle 4

    muscle 5

    muscle 6

    muscle7

    muscle8

    muscle9

    muscle pictures

    muscle review test

     

    9/ Endocrinology

    Endocrino Generality

    Endocrinology anatomy physiology

    Endocrinology physiology

    Neuro-Endocrine

    Neuro endocrine  a very basic conception  not mine.

    ADRENAL GLANDS

     

    10/ Special Senses

    special senses 1

    special senses 2

     

     

     

    Click here

     

    All practical question are password protected now.For copyright reason and abuse, and also because some faculty cannot create their own question for exams

    MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY REVIEW QUESTION -MEGAN WHITE /SILVER KING

    MUSCL;ES GENERALITY REVIEW -MARSIA, MIRIAM,HEATHER, LAURA,ASHLEY

    NEUROLOGY REVIEW- LAURE, RACHEL,JENNY

    SMARTER THAN ME Jessica Long -Joselyn CoakleyMarsia Martin

    Neuroppt Jessica Long -Joselyn CoakleyMarsia Martin

    AlzheimesDieaseTheoretical approach

    Effects of Soy Isoflavones Erin M. Ballweber

     

    CCBC STUDENTS PRESENTATION:

    TISSUES:Kiah Cannon ,Eliana Langermann,Kyrie Pletts,R. Scott Murray

    Spinal  Nerved: Kiah, scott, eliana, Jessica, kyrie

    Endocrinology:   Kiah Cannon Jessica Hunt Eliana Langermann, Kyrie Pletts R. Scott Murray

    PERIOD 2 GENERAL REVIEW :Eugene , Justin, Caitriona, micah

    Kyrie PlettsR. Scott Murray

    Membrane transport : Megan White ,Silver King,Haeran Yu

    stem cells   Xinxin Chang

    Generality introduction

    Telomeres Laurie Larsson

    stem cells, Lindsay A. Sarno

    Screening Children for Scoliosis-Lindsay Martin

    Multiple Sclerosis, the mysteries Disorder-Kamah C. David

    Osteoporosis: It’s Not Just for Women Anymore-Laurie Larsson

    stem cells-Rachel Lyons

    School Nurse Check for scoliosis-Otubu

    Osteogenic imperfecta -Laure

    STEM CELLS AND INTERESTS (LEUKEMIA)WILLIAM D JONES

    LAB MANUAL

    Joint movements. a. Angular movements increase or decrease the angle between the bones of a joint. b. Circular movements describe a circle or part of a circle. c. Special movements are unique to certain joints.[Mader: Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology, Fifth Edition-The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004]

                         Hormone                   Response

        Adipose                        epinephrine;                  increase in triglyceride hydrolysis
                                           ACTH;                        decrease in amino acid  uptake
                                           glucagon

        Liver                            epinephrine;                 increase in conversion  of glycogen
         norepinephine;               to glucose
                              glucagon                       inhibition of synthesis of
                                                                                glycogen
                                                                          increase in amino acid uptake
                                                                        increase in gluconeogenesis

      Follicle                          FSH; LH                      increase in synthesis of estrogen,                                                                           progesterone

           Adrenal cortex                ACTH                         increase in synthesis of  aldosterone,                                                                            cortisol

    Cardiac muscle              epinephrine                   increase in contraction rate

     Thyroid                         TSH                            secretion of thyroxin

     Bone cells                      Parathyroid                  increase in resorption of calcium
          hormone                       from bone

     Skeletal muscle               epinephrine                  conversion of glycogen to glucose

     Intestine                    epinephrine                    fluid secretion

     Kidney                           vasopressin                   resorption of water

     Blood platelets                prostaglandin I               inhibition of aggregation and secretion

  • Rituals in the temples of Aesculapius included belief in the healing power of snakes. The god was said to hold a staff, around which his healing serpent was wound; from this, we get the modern symbol of medicine, the caduceus.

    Vesalius was the fifth generation of a line of doctors. He grew up close to an area called Gallows Hill, where criminals were executed and left to rot. As a child, he would look at bodily structures and take bones

    apart; he became interested in living anatomy. By age 10 or 11, Vesalius was taking animals to dissect. He focused not just on the structure of the body but on how the muscles and, possibly,digestion worked.

    Professor Gunther von Hagens is the notorious anatomist who hasbecome a multimillionaire by pioneering a technique for preserving human bodies and then showing off his handiwork at gory public exhibitions across the globe

    Timeline

    c. 460 B.C. ....................................... Hippocrates born (d. 370 B.C.).

    c. 130 .............................................. Galen born (d. c. 200).

    1514 ................................................ Andreas Vesalius born (d. 1564).

    1543 ................................................ Vesalius publishes On the Workings of the Human Body (De Humani Corporis Fabrica).

    1578 ................................................ William Harvey born (d. 1657).

    1628 ................................................ Harvey publishes On the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals (De Motu Cordis).

    1679 ................................................ Theophilus Bonetus of Geneva publishes A Repository of Anatomy Practiced on Corpses.

    1682 ................................................ Giovanni Morgagni born (d. 1771).

    1722 ................................................ Leopold Auenbrugger born (d. 1809).

    1728 ................................................ John Hunter born (d. 1793).

    1761 ................................................ Morgagni publishes On the Seats and Causes of Disease as Indicated by Anatomy De Sedibus).

    1772 ................................................ Joseph Priestley discovers nitrous oxide.

    1781 ................................................ René Laennec born (d. 1826).

    1786 ................................................ Hunter publishes A Treatise on Venereal Disease.

    1794 ................................................ Hunter publishes A Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation, and Gunshot Wounds.

    1799 ................................................ Humphrey Davy discovers the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide.

    1805 ................................................ Charles Jackson is born (d. 1880).

    1808 ................................................ Jean-Nicolas Corvisart rediscovers Auenbrugger’s technique of percussion.

    1815 ................................................ Horace Wells is born (d. 1848); Crawford Long is born (d. 1878).

    1816 ................................................ Laennec invents a prototype stethoscope.

    1819 ................................................ Laennec publishes On Mediate Auscultation; William Morton is born (d. 1868).

    1820 ................................................ Rudolf Virchow is born (d. 1902).

    1822 ................................................ Louis Pasteur is born (d. 1895).

    1827 ................................................ Joseph Lister is born (d. 1912).

    1842 ................................................ Crawford Long uses ether as a surgical anesthetic (not publicized).

    1844 ................................................ Gardiner Quincy Colton demonstrates laughing gas to Horace Wells.

    1846 ................................................ William Morton publicly demonstrates ether used as an anesthesia.

    1847 ................................................ James Simpson introduces chloroform as an anesthesia; Lister begins correspondence with Louis Pasteur.

    1852 ................................................ William Halsted is born (d. 1922).

    1858 ................................................ Virchow publishes Cellular Pathology.

    1865 ................................................ Lister’s first clinical experiment with antisepsis.

    1882 ................................................ Pasteur develops rabies vaccine.

    1890 ................................................ Halsted introduces the use of rubber gloves in surgery.

    1893 ................................................ Johns Hopkins Medical School opens; Halsted becomes its first professor of surgery.

    1895 ................................................ W. C. Roentgen discovers x-rays.

    1898 ................................................ Helen Taussig is born (d. 1986).

    1910 ................................................ Vivien Thomas is born (d. 1985).

    1944 ................................................ Taussig, Blalock, and Thomas develop surgery for blue babies.

    Doctors: The History of Scientific Medicine Revealed Through Biography Professor Sherwin B. Nuland, M.D., FACS

     

     

     

     

    Danil Hammoudi.MD

     

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