Danil Hammoudi.MD sinoe medical association ANATOMYPHYSIOLOGY
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To understand the abnormal you have to know the normal. "FAILURE IS NOT AN OPTION" THERE IS MORE STUFF TO BE KNOWN THAN WHAT WE ALREADY KNOW If you have any question you get my E-mail 1. Human anatomy is the science concern with the structure of the human body. 2. The terms of anatomy are descriptive and are generally of Greek or Latin derivation. 3. The history of human anatomy parallels that of medicine and has also been greatly influenced by various religions.
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Terminology Generality http://academic.pgcc.edu/AandP/ http://academic.pgcc.edu/~mhubley/a&p/a&p.htm http://academic.pgcc.edu/~aimholtz/ http://academic.pgcc.edu/AandP/Bio206/Images/Exercise1/ex1main.html http://academic.pgcc.edu/AandP/Bio206/Images/Exercise2/ex2main.html http://www.learntheheart.com/topicreviews.html http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/hyper_heart1.html Internal Heart Tutorial and
Self-Test to review basic anatomy of heart, chambers, valves etc...
Blood typing exercise http://faculty.washington.edu/kepeter/119/images/blood_typing_photos.htm http://faculty.matcmadison.edu/mljensen/BloodBank/lectures/bb_l http://www.yeastrc.org/pdr/viewGONode.do?acc=GO:0002890 Other Web Resources On The Heart...
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1/ Microscopic Analysis of Blood
1/Gross and Microscopic Anatomy Of The Human Heart 4/Quantitative Analysis of Cardiovascular Function
1/Gross and microscopic Anatomy of the Respiratory System 1/Gross Anatomy of the GI system 2/ Microscopic Anatomy of the GI system 3/Enzyme Analysis [see lab book]
1/Gross and microscopic Anatomy of the urinary system
Our very good friend Ian TRYING TO BEAT THE GENETICS TO BECOME A LEPRECON.
Hemostasis - Miriam powell ANEMIA -Alex Cardiomyopathy-Becki Cardiomyopathy consequences-Roseanne Baird Complete Blood Count-Cartesian Thinking at Its Best)-Laurie Larsson CongestiveCardiomyopathy-Lindsay Martin Endometriosis [MY BEST WRITER]Heather Diane Smith Erythropoietin-Laura Hutton Jeopardy kidney review cath, sarah,erin JEOPARDY KIUDNEY REVIEW PART 2 CATH , ERIN, SARAH
Theoretical Function
of Hassall’s Corpuscles in the Thymus BEST WEBSITE FOR A MIDDLESCHOOL STUDENT LOVING MEDICINE
Aging and Life Expectancy Aging is a normal, inevitable process that ends with death. While the mean life expectancy of a newborn is estimated to have been amere 10 years 50 000 years ago and ca. 25 years in ancient Rome (!A1), it is nowadays between 38 (in Sierra Leone) and 80 years (Japan). It is mainly due to decreased infant mortality and the effective treatment of infections (especially in children) that life expectancy in the industrial nations has increased markedly in the past 100 years (e.g., in the USA from 42 to 72 years in men and to 79 in women). As a result, diseases of the elderly are the most common causes of death: ca. 50% are diseases of the cardiovascular system; 25% are tumors. These are largely diseases that prevent a maximal life-span being reached, which, now as then, is about 100 years (!A1). Thus, of those aged 98 years, only 10% will still be alive three years later and after 10 years only 0.005%(!A2). The world record set by the French woman Jeanne Calment (122 years) is thus an extremely rare exception. The causes of aging are unclear. Even individual cultured cells will “age”, i.e., after a certain number of cycles they stop dividing (fetal pulmonary fibroblasts after ca. 60 divisions; !B). Only a few cells are “immortal” (unlimited proliferation, e.g., germinal, tumor, and hemopoietic stem cells). Life-span and age are in part genetically determined. Thus, mutation of the gene age-1 of the nematode can double its life-span, and the human gene that codesfor DNA-helicase can cause premature aging (progeria of the adult =Werner’s syndrome). Recently a gene (MORF4) was discovered whose exclusion by mutation makes cultured cells immortal: if the normal MORF4 gene is passed to (immortal) cancer cells, it stops their proliferation. In “old” cells, MORF4 is up-regulated; in proliferating cells it is down-regulated. The age-1 mutation produces, among other effects, an increased resistance against free radicals. That oxidative damage is important for aging, is also suggested by the fact that membrane lipids, DNA, and proteins damaged by O2 radicals accumulate with age, while atthe same time the activity of enzymes that guard against oxidation is reduced. On the other hand, defects of the helicase gene resultin the accumulation of harmful somatic DNAmutations and in a decreasing telomer length,which limits the ability of the cell to divide. Many inherited diseases and (often polygenetically) inherited risk factors, have a secondary effect on life-span, e.g. in favoring the development of certain tumors. Studies of monozygotic (uniovular) twins have, however,shown that at least two thirds of variability of life-span is not genetically determined. As one gets older, a reduction of bodily functions (!C) occurs as, for example, of maximumbreathing capacity, cardiac output (CO),maximal O2 uptake, and glomerular filtrationrate (GFR). Muscle and bone mass decrease,while the amount of fat increases, largely dueto endocrine factors (!D). For these reasons it is their frailty that is the limiting factor for most (otherwise healthy) very old persons. This weakness of old age is characterized by diminished muscle power, slowed reflexes, impaired mobility and balance, and reduced stamina. The result is falls, fractures, reduced daily physical activity, and loss of independence. Muscle weakness is not only caused byphysiological aging processes (!D) and wear and tear (e.g., damage to joints), but also by lack of movement, leading to a vicious circle. Purely age-related problems with memory (especially problems of orientation in an unaccustomed environment) seem to be caused by a disturbed long-term potentiation in the cortex and hippocampus (reduced density of glutamate receptors, type NMDA, in the dentate gyrus). It is now doubted whether a significant loss of neurons, such as occurs in Alzheimer’s disease or atherosclerosis-induced reduction in cerebral blood flow, is part of the normal process of aging. Obesity
Linked to Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Ultraminilaparotomy May Be
Effective for Uterine Fibroids Chocolate Linked to Lower Stroke and Stroke Mortality
Risk Low Vitamin
D in Utero May Heighten Multiple Sclerosis Risk |
All practical question are password protected now, due to abuse and also teacher cannot create their own question, my students will be provided with a password a the beginning of each semester.
Do identical twins have identical fingerprints?
One easy way to remember which abdominopelvic organs are retroperitoneal is to use a mnemonic such as SAD PUCKER: S = Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
P = Pancreas
Characteristics of IgG and IgM antibodies
Terms used to describe antibodies
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