To understand the abnormal you have to know the normal.
Understand for life, and stop memorizing for an exam only.
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Text ONLY
Generality and definition
The cells
The tissues
Glands
Glands 2
PPT OLD
Generality and homoestasis
The cells
Diffusion and cellular exchange
Connective tissue
Glands
PPT SLIDES UPDATED 2024
First
Generality
homoestasis
The cells
Tissues
Connective tissue
Glands
EXTRA'S
Fast Terminology
review
Terminology
Homeostasis
Review question
Cell review
Cell review 2
Cell and cell membrane
Review 1
Review 2
Review 3
Review 4
Review 5
Review 6
Review 7
Review 8
Review 9
Review 10
Review 11
Cell review
skin question
Text
Integumentary
Supplement
PPT SLIDES updated 2022
Integumentary
skin disease
PPT's
Bone Generality
Cartilage bone formation
Hormonal control
Joints presentation
Joints presentation 2
Skull
Spine
Shoulder and superior appendage
Inferior appendages
Text
Bones and Skeletal Tissues
Skeleton
Joints
Joints 2
Skull
Spine
EXTRA'S
Bone Chart
Skull
Bone facts
Bone Diseases
bone from pearson
2024 PPTS update
skull update
Spine Updates
Review question
Review 1
Bone quiz
Bone question 1
Bone question 2
Bone question 3
Bone review 4
Bone review 5
Bone review 6
Bone review 7
Spine review
Students exercise handout made by students
Skull review
Skull review 2
Nervous system introduction, histology
Generality
Neurophysiology
Synapse
Brain Anatomy and Function
Neuroendocrine
Spinal cord and reflexes
Peripheral nervous system
ANS
male brain
PPT's
Introduction
NS lecture presentation
NS presentation 2
Neurophysiology
Neurophyspresentation 2
Neurotransmitters
Brain Anatomy
Brain Anatomy 2
Sinal cord and reflexes
ANS Lecture
A.N.S
PNS
Limbic system
------------------
UPDATED LECTURE 2020
*INTRODUCTION TO NERVOUS SYSTEM
Spinal cord
*HISTOLOGY NERVOUS SYSTEM
-Neurons
-Glial cells
Spinal cord histology
----------------
*Brain anatomy part 1: cerebrum
*Brain anatomy part 2 the cortex
*Brain anatomy part 3
-Meninges
-Ventricles and CSF
-Sleep
-----------------
Review question
Neuro review1
Neuro review 2
Nervous system review 1
Nervous system review 2
Nervous system review 3
nervous system review 4
nervous system review 5
nervous system review 6
nervous system review 7
nervous system review 8
nervous system review 9
Reviews sheep brain dissection
GENERALITY
Muscle lecture
Muscle physiology
Muscle resumed
PPT's and txt
Introduction
Muscle Histology
Muscle Classification
Muscle Physiolohy
Muscle physiology 2
Muscle to resume
Muscle diseases
***update lecture:
muscle ****
***introduction and generality ppt
****Muscle physiology
Review question
Muscle simple practice
Muscle review
Muscle review 1
Muscle review 2
Comprehensive general review
Comprehensive question exam review 1
Comprehensive review part 2
Comprehensive review part 3
Review lab exam,Katie, Connie, Mike and Ben
Skin exercise
Review question
General review
General Terminology
General review 2
Lab exercise skin
Review Generality 3
Neurosystem
Brain Anatomy
Cerebellum
Cranial Nerves
Sheep Brain
Reflexes
***Updated slide for lab and lecture combined***
*Brain anatomy part 1: cerebrum
*Brain anatomy part 2
*Brain anatomy part 3
*Brain Anatomy part 4
--Lab video by Pr Imholtz-
Lab 16
Lab 17
Lab 18
Lab 19
Lab 20
*the cerebrum
*the diencephalon
*Sheep brain
*Human brain
*spinal cord model *full spinal cord.
*reflex action and reflex arc.
*Spinal cord video
Review question
Neuropic review
NeuroLab lecture review
***Muscles Generality and histology
***Head, torso,abdomen
***Superior appendages
***Inferior appendages
***Musles Models 1
***Muscles Models 2
***Muscle Models 3
***Muscles Table 1
***Muscle tables 2
***Muscle innervation
*Lab PPt update*
***Muscle generality and introduction
***Muscle of the head
****Muscles of the neck
***Muscles of the Torso, abdomen
***rotatory cuff
***Muscles of the superior appendages
***Muscle of the inferior appendages
------------------------
***Lab video***
-Chapter 23Introduction to Skeletal Muscles
***Skeletal Muscle Histology and Muscle Fiber Model
***chapter 24Muscles of the Head, Neck and Torso
****Muscles of the head and Face
***Neck Muscles,
**Eye Muscles,
***Muscles of Torso
-chapter 25 Muscles that Move the Superior Appendages
****the arm model muscles.
***wrist movements, elbow
***movements, rotator cuff
****humerus movements
****scapula movements.
-Chapter 26 Muscles that Move the Inferior Appendages
***leg model muscles
Very good site for muscles of the face and facts: FACE THE FACT
Review question
MUSCLE REVIEW
Muscle review
Anatomical models
Posterior arm muscles
All question AP1-AP2 CLICK HERE
Microscopic Analysis of Blood ppt
Selected Blood Test ***ppt
Blood Terminology
Blood terminology 2
--------------------------
Blood type game video
Blood typing from ninja nerd video series
====================
Immune system
Immune System - Natural Killer Cell video
Lymphatic Models and histology ***ppt
Lymphoid tissue gross and histology ppt
Lymphoid tissues details ppt
Lymphoid Tissue Histology Gross Anatomy.pdf
-----------------------
Gross and Microscopic ppt
Heart sheep ***ppt
Heart dissection***ppt
EKG UPDATE 2024 *****ppt
EKG REVIEW ppt
EKG Practice ***ppt
Quantitative Analysis of Cardiovascular Function ppt
Vasculature review ***ppt
Cardio Hemodynamic Equations****ppt
CV equation for more advanced level
Fetal circulation.ppt
------------------------
***VASULARIZATION ***
-Systemic Circulation
A/ Arteries
Full diagram of arteries
-Head and thorax
-Abdominal arteries
-Superior appendage
-Arteries upper limbs right upperlimb
-Lower appendages
B/ Veins
-Full diagram of veins
-Head and thorax
-Abdomen pelvis
- Abodomen pelvis 2
-Upper extremities
-Lower extremities
C/ Organ and vascularization
-The full connection
***Gross and microscopic Anatomy of the Respiratory System old ppt
Anatomy of the respiratory system 2024 update ppt
Anatomy histology update 2024 ppt
***The respiratory formulation***ppt
***Respiratory Physiology for lab ppt
**Mechanism of breathing video
***Respiratory physiology up date part ***ppt
***Respiratory Models
Review***ppt
***respiratory lab video
***Review KEY POINTS
***Phenolphthalein***ppt experiment video.
***Bell jar experiment ***video
---------------------
***other ***
The pleura
gas exchange 1
gas exchange 2
respiratory anatomy
**Gross Anatomy of the GI system***ppt
Microscopic **Anatomy of the GI system***ppt
**Enzyme Analysis [see lab book]
**Substrate
REVIEW
GI MODELS & histology****ppt
1/2 HALF GI exercise practice
1/2 INFERIOR exercise practice
Update 2020
***Resumed GI models, histology,anatomy 2020 update *****ppt
------------------------
***Video from Pr Imholtz
*Lab 18 Gross Anatomy of the Digestive System
*
*Oral Cavity and Pharynx
*Salivary Glands
*Esophagus and Stomach
*Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
*Small and Large Intestines
------------------------
**Lab 19 Microscopic Anatomy of the Digestive System
*
*Tongue Histology
*Esophagus
*Stomach
*Small Intestine *Large Intestine
*Pancreas
*Liver
*
------------------------
Gross and microscopic Anatomy of the urinary system ppt
Urinalysis ppt
Acid Base Balance ppt
Histopics ppt
Uro models reproductive***ppt
Uromodels 2***ppt
2024 updates
Renal reproductive model histology update****ppt
------------------------
***Video from Pr Imholtz
Lab 23 Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Urinary System
*
*Urinary System Model
Kidney Trio Model
Kidney Trio Model
Nephron Model
*
Lab 24 Histology of the Urinary System
*
Male Reproductive 1video
Male Reproductive 2video
Male Reproductive 3video
*
Female model and histology update***ppt
Female Reproductive 1 video
Female Reproductive 2 video
Female Reproductive 3 video
*
Lab 26 Microscopic Anatomy of the Reproductive System
**Imoltz video's**
1/Chapter 25
***Reproductive Models 1
***Reproductive Models 2
***Reproductive Models 3
***Reproductive Models 4
2/Chapter 26
***Testis Histology
***Ovary Histology 1
***Ovary Histology 2
Endocrinology Lab manual
Endocrinology Anatomy Histology***ppt
Endocrino Generality condensed***PPT
Hormones tables
Full lecture endocrinology***PPT
Endocrine system link website:
Highlights
Lecture***ppt
Pancreas endocrine
Lecture***ppt
-Flash card metabolic state
Adrenal Glands- Thymus
Lecture***PPT
Adrenal glands details***ppt
Hematology terminology
-Hematology notes
-Hematology lecture PPT
-Leukocytes platelets PPT
-Transfusion notes
-Blood coagulation notes
-Blood coagulation lecture PPT
-Blood Generality Review
-Blood pictures
-Disease of the blood notes
-Disease of the blood lectures
-White Cells
-----------------------
Immuno outline
Lecture Notes
-Lecture
immunology update PPT
-immunoglobulins PPT
-Inflammation
-Immuno outline
-Immuno more detailed OLD LECTURE
-Immunoreview
-Lymphatics condition
Immunopic
-----------------------
immunology video innate adaptive immunity
--------------
Pulmonary Guideline
Pulmonary Objectives
-Lung Anatomy PPT
-Lung function
-Pulmonary Anatomy notes
-Pulmonary physiology notes
***Pulmonary lecture PPT
-Respiratory Physiology1 notes
-Respiratory physiology 2 notes
-Respiratory physiology *** PPT
-Respiratory Volume
***Boyles's gas law video
***La Place Law's video
-Pulm pictures
-Pulmonary disease
----------------------
Digestive Objectives
Digest vocabulary
LECTURE NOTES
PART 1 PPT
PART 2 PPT
PART 3 PPT
PART 4PPT
PART 5 PPT
GI physiology lecture resumed
bile physiology
Vitamins
Vitamines the basic
GI review flashcard
-_________________
urinary words
Urinary learning
Urology guide
Urogenerality
Lecture notes
Lecture notes 2
AB NORMAL
Renal physiology
LECTURES
Acid base lecture***PPT
Lecture 1
Lecture2
Lecture 2 bis
Renal physiology resumed***PPT
Acid base Advance resumed***PPT
Kidney anatomy PPT
Lower urinary tract lecture PPT
Uropic PPT
Extra material for fast review ***PPT
Read Read Read
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Know for life not just an exam
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Anatomy first found wide acceptance as a
science in ancient Greece.
(a) Hippocrates is regarded as the father of medicine because of the sound principles of medical practice he
established.
(b) The Greek philosophy of body humors dominated medical thought for over 2,000 years.
(c) Aristotle pursued a limited type of scientific method in obtaining data; his writings contain some basic anatomy.
+ Alexandria was a center of scientific learning from 300 to 30 B.C.
(a) Human dissections and vivisections were performed in Alexandria.
(b) Erasistratus is referred to as the father of physiology because of his interpretations of various body functions.
+Theoretical data was deemphasized during the Roman era.
(a) Celsus’s eight-volume work was a compilation of medical data from the Alexandrian school.
(b) Galen was an influential medical writer who made some important advances in anatomy; at the same time he introduced serious errors into the literature that went unchallenged for centuries.
(c) Science was suppressed for nearly 1,000 years during the Middle Ages, and dissections of human cadavers were prohibited.
(d) Anatomical writings were taken from Alexandria by Arab armies, and thus saved from destruction during the Dark Ages in Europe.
+ During the Renaissance, many great European universities were established.
(a) Andreas Vesalius and Leonardo da Vinci were renowned Renaissance men who produced monumental studies of the human form.
(b) De Humani Corporis Fabrica, written by Vesalius, had a tremendous impact on the advancement of human anatomy. Vesalius is regarded as the father of human anatomy.
+ Two major scientific contributions of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were the explanation of blood flow and the development of the microscope.
(a) In 1628, William Harvey correctly described the circulation of blood.
(b) Shortly after the microscope had been perfected by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, many investigators added new discoveries to the rapidly changing specialty of microscopic anatomy.
+The cell theory was formulated during the nineteenth century by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, and cellular biology became established as a science separate from anatomy.
+ A trend toward simplification and standardization of anatomical nomenclature began in the twentieth century. In addition, many specialties within anatomy developed, including cytology, histology, embryology, electron microscopy, and radiology.
The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Schleiden and Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells. All cells come from preexisting cells. Vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.
The word cell comes from the Latin cellula, a small room. The name was chosen by Robert Hooke when he compared the cork cells he saw to the small rooms monks lived in.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology) ]
How Many Licks Does It Really Take?
Engineering students at Purdue University and the University of Michigan used licking machines to get to the bottom of the eternal question: "How many licks does it take to get to the Tootsie Roll center of a Tootsie Pop?" Purdue's machine averaged 364 licks while Michigan averaged 411. However, these robot tongues may have been inefficient. Hungry humans took 252 licks at most in other Tootsie tests [source: Wired].
The history of anatomy as a science extends from the earliest examinations of sacrificial victims to the sophisticated analyses of the body performed by modern scientists. It has been marked, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also advanced drastically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of cadavers to technologically complex techniques developed in the last century.
Ancient anatomy
begins at least as early as 1600 BC, the date of publication of an Egyptian anatomical papyrus that has survied to this day; this treatise identifies a number of organs and shows a basic knowledge of blood vessels.
The earliest medical scientist of whose works any great part survives today is Hippocrates, a Greek physician active in the late 5th and early 4th centuries BC (460-377 BC). His work demonstrates a basic understanding of musculoskeletal structure, and the beginnings of understanding of certain organs, such as the kidneys. Much of his work, however, and much of that of his students and followers later, relies on speculation rather than empirical observation of the body.
In the 4th century BC, Aristotle and several contemporaries produced a more empirically founded system, based on dissection of animals; works produced around this time are the first to identify the difference between arteries and veins, and the relations between organs are described more accurately than in previous works.
The first use of human cadavers for anatomical research occurred later in the 4th century BC, when Herophilos and Erasistratus performed dissections of cadavers in Alexandria under the auspices of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Herophilos in particular developed a body of anatomical knowledge much more informed by the actual structure of the human body than previous works had been.
Galen
The final major anatomist of ancient times was Galen, active in the 2nd century AD. He compiled much of the knowledge obtained by previous writers, and furthered the inquiry into the function of organs by performing vivisection on animals. His collection of drawings, based mostly on dog anatomy, would hold as a "Gray's Anatomy of the ancient world" for 1500 years. The original text is long gone, and his work was only known to the Rennaissance doctors through the careful custody of Arabic medicine, since the Church destroyed it as heresy. Hampered by the same religious restrictions as anatomists for centuries after him, Galen assumed that anatomical structures in dogs were the same as for humans.
Modern anatomy
Anatomical research in the past hundred years has taken advantage of technological developments and growing understanding of sciences such as evolutionary and molecular biology to create a thorough understanding of the body's organs and structures. While disciplines such as endocrinology have explained the purpose of glands that previous anatomists could not explain, medical devices such as MRI machines and CAT scanners have enabled researchers to study the organs of living people. Progress today in anatomy is centered in the field of molecular biology, as the macroscopic aspects of the field have now been catalogued and addressed.
History of anatomy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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